Pollution type and emission reduction
(一)Different types of pollution
1. 按照污染物种类分类
- Air pollution
- Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs):严格来说温室气体不属于污染,但是很多空气污染的来源和温室气体的来源是相同的 (ep 燃料燃烧),因此需要协同治理,减污降碳。
- Water pollution
- Noise pollution
- Soil pollution
2. 按照污染源分类
- Point source pollution (点源污染)
- Easy to identify the source and measure the pollution level
- Example: Industrial pollution
- Nonpoint source pollution (面源污染)
- Difficult to identify the source and measure the pollution level
- Example: Agricultural pollution from fertilizer (化肥)
- More practical for indirect regulation, e.g. limiting the use of inputs that contribute to pollution【间接监管更好用】
(二)emission reduction
1. emission moedel

- Emission intensity(排放强度):每单位产出带来的污染
- Output(产出):f公司的产出总量
- 因此减排存在两个途径:1)减少排放强度;2)减少产出
2. Reducing emission intensity
- Change input mix (改变投入品组合)
- Use renewable energy instead of fossil fuels
- Improve energy efficiency
- End-of-pipe treatment (末端治理):排放出来之后进行处理