Practice & Design

China’s environmental regulation

Environmental policies in China

• Market-based + Command & control, but mainly command &control（命令控制型）
• Top-down (自上而下)
• High participation of media, which improves public awareness and public scrutiny (注重公众监督)
• Low participation of NGO（非政府组织）
• 司法介入环境纠纷的程度比较低，但近年来有所增加

Who regulate——中国的环境政府机构

• Ministry of Ecology and Environment (生态环境部): 主要的监管机构
• Ministry of Finance (财政部): environmental tax
• NDRC (发改委): 能源供应和资源回收再利用
• Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (工信部): 节能
• Ministry of Natural Resources (自然资源部): 国家公园和自然保护区

How: Legislation——法律法规

环境法确立了一般原则

• The Environmental Protection Law (环境保护法)
  • 1979 published the trial version（实行版）
  • 1989 became law
  • 2015年修订，通过引入对环境违法行为的新处罚，包括停产，来解决执法不力的问题
• Laws focus on specific pollutants【关注特定污染】
  • Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (水污染防治法):“River Chief System (河长制)”
  • Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law (大气污染防治法)
  • Law on the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution (土壤污染防治法): effective in 2019

Environmental standards

• Emission standards (排放标准)